Fraud

Fraud

Fraud in research is the manufacturing of data and the altering of experimental results, plagiarism: using someone else's text or data without acknowledgement. Borderline cases include the minor fudging of data, reporting only the good results and not citing other people's work that should be given credit. According to Martin (1992) is fraud caused by the power structure in science and may be reduced by reducing the power of scientific elites, untying the link between quantity of publication and career advancement and reducing the impact of government and industry funding on science. He concludes:

"Suffice it to say that scientific fraud, whether defined as usual in narrow terms or broadly conceived as a range of types of misrepresentation and bias, cannot be seriously affected by tinkering with a few policies. Fraud is an integral part of the way science is organised today. It is safe to predict that official concern about fraud will continue to be triggered mainly by bad publicity rather than by fearless and dispassionate investigations into systemic problems in the practice of science." (Martin, 1992).

Literature:

Ahsen, A. (ed.). (1990). Behaviorist's Misconduct in Science. The Untold Story of the Image in Cognitive Psychology (Special Issue). Journal of Mental Imagery, 14 (1-2), v-xi + 1-259;

Andersen, Daniel; Lis Attrup; Niels Axelsen & Povl Riis. (1992). Videnskabelig uredelighed og god videnskabelig praksis. København: Statens Sundhedsvidenskabelige Forskningsråd.

Bell, R. (1992). Impure Science: Fraud, Compromise & Political Influence in Scientific Research. New York: Wiley.

Broad, W. & Wade, N. (1982). Betrayers of the Truth. London: Century Publishing.

Garfield, Eugene: Know about fraud and other forms of intellectual dishonesty in science. 1. The spectrum of deviant-behavior in science. Current Contents, 1987[a], N14, P3‑7.

Garfield, E. (1987). Know About Fraud and Other Forms of Intellectual Dishonesty in Science. 2. Why Does Fraud Happen and What are Its Effects? Current Contents, 1987[b], N15, P310.

Garfield, Eugene: Some Deviant-behavior in science has nothing at all to do with fraud. Current Contents, 1987[c], N49, P3‑5.

Garfield, E. (1990). Fraudulent research - A citation perspective on the Breuning case - An introduction to the impact of fraudulent research on the scientific literature - The Breunings, Stephen E. case by Garfield, Eugene and Welljams-Dorof, Alfred (Reprinted from JAMA, Vol 263, Pg 14241426, 1990). Current Contents, 12, MAR, 3‑9. http://www.garfield.library.upenn.edu/essays/v13p090y1990.pdf

Gregersen, F. & Køppe, S. (1985). Videnskab og lidenskab. Om humanioras videnskabsteori, videnssociologi, videnskabshistorie og samfundsmæssighed. København: Tiderne Skifter.

Kjøller, K. (1992). Manipulation: en håndbog. 2.udgave. København: Bogklubben 12 Bøger.

Kochan, C. & Budd, J. M. (1992). The Persistence of Fraud in the Literature: The Darsee Case. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 43(7), 488-493.

LaFollette Marcel C. (1992). Stealing into Print; Fraud, Plagiarism and Misconduct in Scientific Publishing. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Martin, B. (1992). Scientific fraud and the power structure of science. Prometheus, 10(1), 83-98. http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/92prom.html